EVALUATING THE NEUROTOXIC IMPACT OF MERCURY EXPOSURE IN THE ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING IN SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Main Article Content
Keywords
Neurotoxic impact, Mercury, Exposure, Small-scale gold mining, Indonesia
Abstract
The artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) within residential areas becomes one of the sources of mercury contamination in the environment, which has neurotoxic effects on humans, such as dementia. This has garnered significant global interest, and based on a survey conducted by the United States Geological, that around 16 million people are employed in the small-scale mining and processing of gold, primarily in countries such as Ghana, Ecuador, and Indonesia. In this study, a biomedical scientific method was adopted to explore the correlation between neurotoxic effects on cognitive functioning and the magnitude of mercury exposure. The findings of this research showed a direct relationship between the concentration of mercury in hair and the levels of Amyloid-beta (Aβ) 40. Higher levels of mercury in hair are linked to increased levels of Aβ 40 in plasma. Furthermore, there is an inverse association between plasma Aβ 40 levels and the MoCA-Ina score. ASGM processing has become a matter of worldwide concern due to the potential neurotoxic impacts caused by heavy metal contamination, especially mercury, in the resulting tailing waste. The presence of mercury can lead to cognitive impairments of a dimensional type within the local community residing in those regions.
Downloads
References
1. Goedert, M. (2015) Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: The prion concept in relation to assembled Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein. Science (80-. )., 349 (6248). 2. Verlinden, V.J.A., Van Der Geest, J.N., De Bruijn, R.F.A.G., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P.J., dan Ikram, M.A. (2016) Trajectories of decline in cognition and daily functioning in preclinical dementia. Alzheimer’s Dement., 12 (2), 144–153. 3. Knopman, D.S., Amieva, H., Petersen, R.C., Chételat, G., Holtzman, D.M., Hyman, B.T., Nixon, R.A., dan Jones, D.T. (2021) Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim., 7 (1), 1–21. 4. Gotz, J., Bodea, L.G., dan Goedert, M. (2018) Rodent models for Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 19 (10), 583–598. 5. Dye, L., Boyle, N.B., Champ, C., dan Lawton, C. (2017) The relationship between obesity and cognitive health and decline. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 76 (4), 443–454. 6. Iadecola, C., Yaffe, K., Biller, J., Bratzke, L.C., Faraci, F.M., Gorelick, P.B., Gulati, M., Kamel, H., Knopman, D.S., Launer, L.J., Saczynski, J.S., Seshadri, S., dan Al Hazzouri, A.Z. (2016) Impact of Hypertension on Cognitive Function: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension, 68 (6), e67–e94. 7. Sanford, A.M. (2017) Mild Cognitive Impairment. Clin. Geriatr. Med., 33 (3), 325–337. 8. Harrison, S.L., de Craen, A.J.M., Kerse, N., Teh, R., Granic, A., Davies, K., Wesnes, K.A., den Elzen, W.P.J., Gussekloo, J., Kirkwood, T.B.L., Robinson, L., Jagger, C., Siervo, M., dan Stephan, B.C.M. (2017) Predicting Risk of Cognitive Decline in Very Old Adults Using Three Models: The Framingham Stroke Risk Profile; the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia Model; and Oxi-Inflammatory Biomarkers. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 65 (2), 381–389. 9. Tublin, J.M., Adelstein, J.M., Del Monte, F., Combs, C.K., dan Wold, L.E. (2019) Getting to the Heart of Alzheimer Disease. Circ. Res., 124 (1), 142–149. 10. Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M.S., Carocci, A., dan Lauria, G. (2017) Mercury Exposure and Heart Diseases. 1–13. 11. Yang, Y.W., Liou, S.H., Hsueh, Y.M., Lyu, W.S., Liu, C.S., Liu, H.J., Chung, M.C., Hung, P.H., dan Chung, C.J. (2018) Risk of Alzheimer’s disease with metal concentrations in whole blood and urine: A case–control study using propensity score matching, Elsevier Inc. 12. Bakulski, K.M., Seo, Y.A., Hickman, R.C., Brandt, D., Vadari, H.S., Hu, H., dan Park, S.K. (2020) Heavy Metals Exposure and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias. J. Alzheimer’s Dis., 76 (4), 1215–1242. 13. Kabir, M.T., Uddin, M.S., Zaman, S., Begum, Y., Ashraf, G.M., Bin-Jumah, M.N., Bungau, S.G., Mousa, S.A., dan Abdel-Daim, M.M. (2021) Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol. Neurobiol., 58 (1). 14. Rosa-Silva, H.T. da, Panzenhagen, A.C., Schmidtt, V., Alves Teixeira, A., Espitia-Pérez, P., de Oliveira Franco, Á., Mingori, M., Torres-Ávila, J.F., Schnorr, C.E., Hermann, P.R.S., Moraes, D.P., Almeida, R.F., dan Moreira, J.C.F. (2020) Hepatic and neurobiological effects of foetal and breastfeeding and adulthood exposure to methylmercury in Wistar rats. Chemosphere, 244, 125400. 15. Sundseth, K., Pacyna, J.M., Pacyna, E.G., Pirrone, N., dan Thorne, R.J. (2017) Global sources and pathways of mercury in the context of human health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14 (1). 16. Cropotova, J., dan Popel, S. (2012) Mercury-Contaminated Fish and Essential Fatty Acids : Problems and Solutions. 7 (1), 162–163. 17. Smith, N.M. (2019) “Our gold is dirty, but we want to improve”: Challenges to addressing mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Peru. J. Clean. Prod., 222, 646–654. 18. McGuirk, B., Theron, P., dan Maboeta, M. (2020) The Effects of Different Gold Mine Tailings on Growth, Reproduction and Avoidance-Behaviour of Earthworms. African Zool., 55 (1), 35–42. 19. Marzela, F. (2018) Korelasi Antara Kadar Merkuri Krim Pemutih Dan Kadar Merkuri Urin Pengguna Krim Pemutih Wajah Di FKM UNAIR. J. Kesehat. Lingkung., 10 (4), 424–433. 20. Manavi, P.N., dan Mazumder, A. (2018) Potential risk of mercury to human health in three species of fish from the southern Caspian Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 130 (December 2017), 1–5. 21. de Almeida Rodrigues, P., Ferrari, R.G., dos Santos, L.N., dan Conte Junior, C.A. (2019) Mercury in aquatic fauna contamination: A systematic review on its dynamics and potential health risks. J. Environ. Sci. (China), 84, 205–218. 22. Leon-Canedo, J.A., Alarcon-Silvas, S.G., Fierro-Sanudo, J.F., Rodríguez-Montes de Oca, G.A., Partida-Ruvalcaba, L., Diaz-Valdes, T., dan Paez-Osuna, F. (2019) Mercury and other trace metals in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown with two low-salinity shrimp effluents: Accumulation and human health risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ., 650, 2535–2544. 23. Ha, E., Basu, N., Bose-O’Reilly, S., Dórea, J.G., McSorley, E., Sakamoto, M., dan Chan, H.M. (2017) Current progress on understanding the impact of mercury on human health. Environ. Res., 152, 419–433. 24. Wilczynska, K., dan Waszkiewicz, N. (2020) Diagnostic utility of selected serum dementia biomarkers: Amyloid β-40, amyloid β -42, tau protein, and YKL-40: A review. J. Clin. Med., 9 (11), 1–26. 25. Vergallo, A., Megret, L., Lista, S., Cavedo, E., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Vanmechelen, E., De Vos, A., Habert, M.O., Potier, M.C., Dubois, B., Neri, C., Hampel, H., Bakardjian, H., Benali, H., Bertin, H., Bonheur, J., Boukadida, L., Boukerrou, N., Chiesa, P., Colliot, O., Dubois, B., Dubois, M., Epelbaum, S., Gagliardi, G., Genthon, R., Habert, M.O., Houot, M., Kas, A., Lamari, F., Levy, M., Metzinger, C., Mochel, F., Nyasse, F., Poisson, C., Revillon, M., Santos, A., Andrade, K.S., Sole, M., Surtee, M., de Schotten M, T., Vergallo, A., Younsi, N., Aguilar, L.F., Babiloni, C., Baldacci, F., Benda, N., Black, K.L., Bokde, A.L.W., Bonuccelli, U., Broich, K., Cacciola, F., Castrillo, J., Ceravolo, R., Chiesa, P.A., Corvol, J.C., Cuello, A.C., Cummings, J.L., Depypere, H., Duggento, A., Escott-Price, V., Federoff, H., Ferretti, M.T., Fiandaca, M., Frank, R.A., Garaci, F., Geerts, H., Giorgi, F.S., Graziani, M., Haberkamp, M., Herholz, K., Karran, E., Kim, S.H., Koronyo, Y., Koronyo-Hamaoui, M., Lamari, F., Langevin, T., Lehéricy, S., Lorenceau, J., Mango, D., Mapstone, M., Nisticò, R., O’Bryant, S.E., Perry, G., Ritchie, C., Rossi, S., Saidi, A., Santarnecchi, E., Schneider, L.S., Sporns, O., Toschi, N., Verdooner, S.R., Villain, N., Welikovitch, L.A., Woodcock, J., dan Younesi, E. (2019) Plasma amyloid β 40/42 ratio predicts cerebral amyloidosis in cognitively normal individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement., 15 (6), 764–775. 26. Fandos, N., Pérez-Grijalba, V., Pesini, P., Olmos, S., Bossa, M., Villemagne, V.L., Doecke, J., Fowler, C., Masters, C.L., dan Sarasa, M. (2017) Plasma amyloid β 42/40 ratios as biomarkers for amyloid β cerebral deposition in cognitively normal individuals. Alzheimer’s Dement. Diagnosis, Assess. Dis. Monit., 8, 179–187. 27. Hanon, O., Vidal, J.S., Lehmann, S., Bombois, S., Allinquant, B., Tréluyer, J.M., Gelé, P., Delmaire, C., Blanc, F., Mangin, J.F., Buée, L., Touchon, J., Hugon, J., Vellas, B., Galbrun, E., Benetos, A., Berrut, G., Paillaud, E., Wallon, D., Castelnovo, G., Volpe-Gillot, L., Paccalin, M., Robert, P.H., Godefroy, O., Dantoine, T., Camus, V., Belmin, J., Vandel, P., Novella, J.L., Duron, E., Rigaud, A.S., Schraen-Maschke, S., Gabelle, A., Hanon, O., Blanc, F., Boudali, Y., Seux, M.L., Lenoir, H., Bayle, C., Bombois, S., Delbeuck, X., Moulin, F., Latour, F., Plichart, M., Pichierri, S., Orvoën, G., Labourée, F., Cassagnaud, P., Paquet, C., Lala, F., Dumurgier, J., Rigaud, A.S., Perret-Guillaume, C., Alonso, E., du Boisgueheneuc, F., Hugonot-Diener, L., Rollin-Sillaire, A., Martinaud, O., Boully, C., Spivac, Y., Devendeville, A., Robert, P.H., Caillard, L., Hannequin, D., Sastre, N., Haffen, S., Kearney-Schwartz, A., Novella, J.L., Deramecourt, V., Chauvire, V., Abitbol, G., Schwald, N., Hommet, C., Sellal, F., Cariot, M.A., Abdellaoui, M., Benisty, S., Gherabli, S., Anthony, P., Bloch, F., Charasz, N., Chauvelier, S., Gaubert, J.Y., Sacco, G., Guerin, O., Boddaert, J., Mackowiak, M.A., Rabus, M.T., Gissot, V., Picard, C., Guillemaud, C., Gervais, C., Hugon, J., Michel, J.M., David, J.P., Paulin, M., Ousset, P.J., Pariel, S., Chawakilian, A., Joffredo, L., Troussiere, A.C., Adam, C., Dupuy, D., Briault, H., Saulnier, I., Mondon, K., Picat, M.A., Laurent, M., Daheb, R., Libercier, S., Krabchi, D., Chupin, M., Chaussade, E., dan Schraen-Maschke, S. (2018) Plasma amyloid levels within the Alzheimer’s process and correlations with central biomarkers. Alzheimer’s Dement., 14 (7), 858–868. 28. Mengel, D., Liu, W., Glynn, R.J., Selkoe, D.J., Strydom, A., Lai, F., Rosas, H.D., Torres, A., Patsiogiannis, V., Skotko, B., dan Walsh, D.M. (2020) Dynamics of plasma biomarkers in down syndrome: The relative levels of Aβ42 decrease with age, whereas NT1 tau and NfL increase. Alzheimer’s Res. Ther., 12 (1), 1–11. 29. Icp-ms, L.S. (2021) DIAGRAM ALIR (UNTUK EKSTERNAL). 30. Lestari, S., Mistivani, I., Rumende, C.M., dan Kusumaningsih, W. (2017) Comparison between mini mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal cognitive assessment Indonesian version (MoCA-Ina) as an early detection of cognitive impairments in post-stroke patients. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 884 (1), 0–8. 31. Rambe, A.S., Fitri, F.I., dan Utara, U.S. (2017) Correlation between the Montreal Cognitive Assessment- Indonesian Version ( MoCA-Ina ) and the Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) in Elderly. 5 (7), 915–919. 32. Untari, I., Subijanto, A.A., Mirawati, D.K., dan Sanusi, R. (2019) The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina) versus the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-Ina) For Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment among The Elderly. Bangladesh J. Med. Sci., 20 (01), 164–169. 33. Hagen, E., Sømhovd, M., Hesse, M., Ajo, E., dan Erga, A.H. (2019) Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment Measuring cognitive impairment in young adults with polysubstance use disorder with MoCA or BRIEF-A – The signi fi cance of psychiatric symptoms. J. Subst. Abuse Treat., 97 (August 2018), 21–27. 34. Sancesario, G.M., dan Bernardini, S. (2018) Diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementia : where do we stand , now ? 6 (17), 2–7. 35. Lee, N., Yang, S., Chieh, J., Huang, P., dan Chang, L. (2017) Blood Beta-Amyloid and Tau in Down Syndrome : A Comparison with Alzheimer ’ s Disease. 8 (January), 1–8. 36. Gu, L., dan Guo, Z. (2013) Alzheimer’s Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides form interlaced amyloid fibrils. J. Neurochem., 126 (3), 305–311. 37. Gabelle, A., Richard, F., Gutierrez, L.A., Schraen, S., Delva, F., Rouaud, O., Buée, L., Dartigues, J.F., Touchon, J., Lambert, J.C., dan Berr, C. (2013) Plasma amyloid-β levels and prognosis in incident dementia cases of the 3-city study. J. Alzheimer’s Dis., 33 (2), 381–391. 38. van Oijen, M., Hofman, A., Soares, H.D., Koudstaal, P.J., dan Breteler, M.M. (2006) Plasma Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 and the risk of dementia: a prospective case-cohort study. Lancet Neurol., 5 (8), 655–660. 39. Kantarci, K., Lowe, V.J., Chen, Q., Przybelski, S.A., Lesnick, T.G., dan Xxx, P. (2020) β -Amyloid PET and neuropathology in dementia with Lewy bodies. 0. 40. Cobb, W.J. (2018) The Potential Impact of Methyl Mercury Toxicity Within Alzheimer’s Disease Progression, Considering the Tau Hypothesis, Neurovascular Hypothesis as Well as The Potential Role of Dietary and Botanical Mercury Chelators and that of Pharmacologically Develop. Anat. Physiol. Biochem. Int. J., 5 (4). 41. Ajsuvakova, O.P., Tinkov, A.A., Aschner, M., Rocha, J.B.T., Michalke, B., Skalnaya, M.G., Skalny, A. V, Butnariu, M., Dadar, M., Sarac, I., Aaseth, J., dan Bjørklund, G. (2020) Sulfhydryl groups as targets of mercury toxicity. Coord. Chem. Rev., 417, 213343. 42. Azar, J., Yousef, M.H., El-fawal, H.A.N., dan Abdelnaser, A. (2021) Mercury and Alzheimer ’ s disease : a look at the links and evidence. 361–374. 43. Mutter, J., Naumann, J., Schneider, R., Walach, H., dan Office, E. (2007) Quecksilber und Alzheimer-Erkrankung. 528–540. 44. Mining, S.G., dan Chalker, J.M. The Mercury Problem in Accepted Manuscript. 45. Mantey, J., Nyarko, K.B., Owusu-nimo, F., Awua, K.A., Bempah, C.K., Amankwah, R.K., Akatu, W.E., dan Appiah-effah, E. (2020) Heliyon Mercury contamination of soil and water media from different illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining operations ( galamsey ). Heliyon, 6 (June), e04312. 46. Green, C.S., Lewis, P.J., Wozniak, J.R., Drevnick, P.E., dan Thies, M.L. (2019) Science of the Total Environment A comparison of factors affecting the small-scale distribution of mercury from artisanal small-scale gold mining in a Zimbabwean stream system. Sci. Total Environ., 647, 400–410.
Article Sidebar
Published
June 30, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
1.
RA. Hoetary Tirta Amallia1,)2), Poedji Loekitowati Hariani1), Eddy Ibrahim1), Irfannuddin1), Novrikasari1), Suheryanto1)
EVALUATING THE NEUROTOXIC IMPACT OF MERCURY EXPOSURE IN THE ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING IN SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA
. 2023 . 13;94(1): 2230-2244 . Available from: https://mattioli.1885journals.com/article/2023/2230.html
Issue
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.