SUPER CRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Co-solvent System, Critical Pressure and Temperature, SCF Extraction, Super Critical Fluid technology, Solution enhanced dispersion
Abstract
The Super Critical Fluid method holds promise for the pharmaceutical industry. Supercritical fluids are fluids that can display both liquid and gaseous properties because they have pressures and temperatures that are beyond their critical pressures and critical temperature. Since SCFs are highly compressible at temperatures close to their critical point, substantial pressure shifts can alter the density of the fluid and mass-transport characteristics, which in turn affect its solvent power. Supercritical fluid technologies have made significant strides in recovering the constraints of drug delivery systems, drug particle design, etc. The Supercritical Fluid solutions cover a range of methodologies. These methods include Aerosol Solvent Extraction Method (AESS), Supercritical Antisolvent (SAS), Rapid Expansion of Super- Critical Solutions, and Solution-Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids (SEDS). Supercritical fluid techniques have a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical industry, which are covered in this paper.
Downloads
References
1. Marsh KN, Boxall JA, Lichtenthaler R. Room temperature ionic liquids and their mixtures—a review. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2004 May;219(1):93–8. 2. Kompella UB, Koushik K. Preparation of drug delivery systems using supercritical fluid technology. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2001;18(2):173–99. 3. Hauthal WH. Advances with supercritical fluids [review]. Chemosphere. 2001;43(1):123–35. 4. Pasquali I, Bettini R. Are pharmaceutics really going supercritical? Int J Pharm. 2008 Dec 8;364(2):176–87. 5. Sapkale GN, Patil SM, Surwase US, Bhatbhage PK. Supercritical Fluid Extraction : A Review. International Journal of Chemical Sciences [Internet]. 2010 Jun 30 [cited 2022 Oct 24];8(2):729–43. 6. 6. Hedrick JL, Mulcahey LJ, Taylor LT. Supercritical fluid extraction. Microchimica Acta. 1992 May;108(3):115-32. - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 7. Matson DW, Fulton JL, Petersen RC, Smith RD. Rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions: solute formation of powders, thin films, and fibers. Industrial & engineering chemistry research. 1987 Nov;26(11):2298-306. - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 8. Matson DW, Petersen RC, Smith RD. The preparation of polycarbosilane powders and fibers during rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions. Materials Letters. 1986 Sep 1;4(10):429-32 - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 9. Petersen RC, Matson DW, Smith RD. Rapid Precipitation of Low Vapor Pressure Solids from Supercritical Fluid Solutions: The Formation of Thin Films and Powders. J Am Chem Soc. 1986;108(8):2100–2. 10. Fages J, Lochard H, Rodier É, Letourneau J jacques, Sauceau M, Sauceau RESS M. SAS: elements of choice for fine particle production. 2002 [cited 2022 Oct 24];4:1781695. 11. Keshavarz A, Karimi-Sabet J, Fattahi A, Golzary A, Rafiee-Tehrani M, Dorkoosh FA. Preparation and characterization of raloxifene nanoparticles using Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS). Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2012 Mar;63:169–79. 12. 12. Bagheri H, Mansoori GA, Hashemipour H. A novel approach to predict drugs solubility in supercritical solvents for RESS process using various cubic EoS-mixing rule. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2018 Jul 1;261:174-88. - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 13. Debenedetti PG, Tom JW, Kwauk X, Yeo SD. Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (ress ): fundamentals and applications. Fluid Phase Equilib. 1993;82(C):311–21. 14. Helfgen B, Türk M, Schaber K. Hydrodynamic and aerosol modelling of the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS-process). Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2003 Aug;26(3):225–42. 15. Türk M. Formation of small organic particles by RESS: Experimental and theoretical investigations. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 1999;15(1):79–89. 16. Meziani MJ, Sun YP. Protein-conjugated nanoparticles from rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solution into aqueous solution. J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Jul 2;125(26):8015–8. 17. Pathak P, Meziani MJ, Desai T, Sun YP. Nanosizing drug particles in supercritical fluid processing. J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Sep 8;126(35):10842–3. 18. Sun YP, Rollins HW. Preparation of polymer-protected semiconductor nanoparticles through the rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solution. Chemical Physics Letters. 1998 May 22;288(2-4):585-8. - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 19. Sun YP, Rollins HW, Guduru R. Preparations of nickel, cobalt, and iron nanoparticles through the rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions (RESS) and chemical reduction. Chemistry of materials. 1999 Jan 18;11(1):7-9. - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 20. Thakur R, Gupta RB. Rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS - SC) process: Formation of griseofulvin nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2005 Sep 14;44(19):7380–7. 21. Thakur R, Gupta RB. Formation of phenytoin nanoparticles using rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid cosolvent (RESS-SC) process. Int J Pharm. 2006 Feb 3;308(1–2):190–9. 22. Padrela L, Rodrigues MA, Tiago J, Velaga SP, Matos HA, de Azevedo EG. Insight into the mechanisms of cocrystallization of pharmaceuticals in supercritical solvents. Crystal Growth & Design. 2015 Jul 1;15(7):3175-81. - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 23. Gallagher PM, Coffey MP, Krukonis VJ, Klasutis N. Gas Antisolvent Recrystallization: New Process To Recrystallize Compounds Insoluble in Supercritical Fluids. 1989 Aug 29;334–54. 24. Rantakylä M, Jäntti M, Aaltonen O, Hurme M. The effect of initial drop size on particle size in the supercritical antisolvent precipitation (SAS) technique. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2002 Dec 1;24(3):251-63. - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 25. Moneghini M, Kikic I, Voinovich D, Perissutti B, Alessi P, Cortesi A, Princivalle F, Solinas D. Study of the solid state of carbamazepine after processing with gas anti-solvent technique. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics. 2003 Sep 1;56(2):281-9. - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 24]. 26. Moneghini M, Kikic I, Voinovich D, Perissutti B, Filipović-Grčić J. Processing of carbamazepine - PEG 4000 solid dispersions with supercritical carbon dioxide: Preparation, characterisation, and in vitro dissolution. Int J Pharm [Internet]. 2001 Jul 3 [cited 2022 Oct 24];222(1):129–38. 27. Moribe K, Tozuka Y, Yamamoto K. Supercritical carbon dioxide processing of active pharmaceutical ingredients for polymorphic control and for complex formation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev [Internet]. 2008 Feb 14 [cited 2022 Oct 24];60(3):328–38 28. Ober CA, Gupta RB. Formation of Itraconazole–Succinic Acid Cocrystals by Gas Antisolvent Cocrystallization. AAPS PharmSciTech [Internet]. 2012 Dec [cited 2022 Oct 24];13(4):1396. 29. Chattopadhyay P, Shekunov BY, Yim D, Cipolla D, Boyd B, Farr S. Production of solid lipid nanoparticle suspensions using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE) for pulmonary delivery using the AERx system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev [Internet]. 2007 Jul 10 [cited 2022 Nov 2];59(6):444–53. 30. Shekunov BY, Chattopadhyay P, Seitzinger J, Huff R. Nanoparticles of poorly water-soluble drugs prepared by supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions. Pharm Res [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited 2022 Nov 2];23(1):196–204. 31. Quintana SE, Villanueva-Bermejo D, Reglero G, García-Risco MR, Fornari T. Supercritical antisolvent particle precipitation and fractionation of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2019 Dec 1;34:479–89. 32. Yeo S ‐D, Lim G ‐B, Debendetti PG, Bernstein H. Formation of microparticulate protein powder using a supercritical fluid antisolvent. Biotechnol Bioeng [Internet]. 1993 [cited 2022 Nov 2];41(3):341–6. 33. Chattopadhyay P, Gupta RB. Production of griseofulvin nanoparticles using supercritical CO(2) antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer. Int J Pharm [Internet]. 2001 Oct 9 [cited 2022 Nov 2];228(1–2):19–31. 34. Chattopadhyay P, Gupta RB. Protein nanoparticles formation by supercritical antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer. undefined. 2002 Feb;48(2):235–44. 35. Bleich J, Müller BW. Production of drug loaded microparticles by the use of supercritical gases with the aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) process. J Microencapsul [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2022 Nov 2];13(2):131–9. 36. Kunastitchai S, Pichert L, Sarisuta N, Müller BW. Application of aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) process for preparation of liposomes in a dry and reconstitutable form. Int J Pharm [Internet]. 2006 Jun 19 [cited 2022 Nov 2];316(1–2):93–101. 37. Porta G della, de Vittori C, Reverchon E. Supercritical assisted atomization: A novel technology for microparticles preparation of an asthma-controlling drug. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2005 Sep;6(3): E421–8. 38. Jung J, Perrut M. Particle design using supercritical fluids: Literature and patent survey. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2001;20(3):179–219. 39. Islam T, al Ragib A, Ferdosh S, Uddin ABMH, Haque Akanda MJ, Mia MAR, et al. Development of nanoparticles for pharmaceutical preparations using supercritical techniques. Chem Eng Commun. 2022;209(12):1642–63. 40. Kankala RK, Chen BQ, Liu CG, Tang HX, Wang S bin, Chen AZ. Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids: an ecofriendly nanonization approach for processing biomaterials and pharmaceutical compounds. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Nov 2];13:4227–45. 41. Method and apparatus for the formation of particles. 1994 Jun 30; 42. 48. Krolikowski A, Peters CJ, de Swaan Arons J. Thermodynamic analysis of the gas-antisolvent crystallization process. In 3rd international symposium on supercritical fluids (Strasbourg, 17-19 October 1994. tome 3, Reactions, material science, chromatography) 1994 (pp. 217-222). - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 2]. 43. Elvassore N, Baggio M, Pallado P, Bertucco A. Production of different morphologies of biocompatible polymeric materials by supercritical CO(2) antisolvent techniques. Biotechnol Bioeng [Internet]. 2001 Jun 20 [cited 2022 Nov 2];73(6):449–57. 44. York P. Strategies for particle design using supercritical fluid technologies. Pharm Sci Technol Today [Internet]. 1999 Nov 1 [cited 2022 Nov 2];2(11):430–40. 45. Supercritical Fluids: Fundamentals for Application - Google Books [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 2]. 46. (11) (PDF) Supercritical fluid technology: A promising approach to enhance the drug solubility [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 2]. 47. Subramaniam B, Rajewski RA, Snavely K. Pharmaceutical processing with supercritical carbon dioxide. J Pharm Sci [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2022 Nov 2];86(8):885–90. 48. Weidner E. High pressure micronization for food applications. undefined. 2009 Jan;47(3):556–65. 49. RJPT - Supercritical Fluid Technology in Pharmaceuticals: An overview [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 2]. 50. Matson DW, Fulton JL, Petersen RC, Smith RD. Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Fluid Solutions: Solute Formation of Powders, Thin Films, and Fibers. Ind Eng Chem Res. 1987 Nov 1;26(11):2298–306. 51. York P. Strategies for particle design using supercritical fluid technologies. Pharm Sci Technol Today [Internet]. 1999 Nov 1 [cited 2022 Nov 3];2(11):430–40. 52. Reverchon E, Pallado P. Hydrodynamic modeling of the RESS process. J Supercrit Fluids [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2022 Nov 3];4(9):216–21. 53. Reverchon E, della Porta G, di Trolio A, Pace S. Supercritical Antisolvent Precipitation of Nanoparticles of Superconductor Precursors. Ind Eng Chem Res [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2022 Nov 3];37(3):952–8. 54. Tom JW, Debenedetti PG. Formation of bioerodible polymeric microspheres and microparticles by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions. Biotechnol Prog [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2022 Nov 3];7(5):403–11. 55. Reverchon E, della Porta G, Sannino D, Ciambelli P. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation of nanoparticles of a zinc oxide precursor. Powder Technol [Internet]. 1999 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Nov 3];102(2):127–34. 56. Lele AK, Shine AD. Morphology of polymers precipitated from a supercritical solvent. AIChE Journal [Internet]. 1992 May 1 [cited 2022 Nov 3];38(5):742–52. 57. Larson KA, King ML. Evaluation of supercritical fluid extraction in the pharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Prog [Internet]. 1986 [cited 2022 Nov 3];2(2):73–82. 58. Ohgaki K, Kobayashi H, Katayama T, Hirokawa N. Whisker formation from jet of supercritical fluid solution. J Supercrit Fluids. 1990 Sep 1;3(3):103–7. 59. von Rohr PR, Trepp C (Eds. ). High Pressure Chemical Engineering. von Rohr PR, Trepp C, editors. Elsevier Science. 1996;12:707. 60. Park H, Kim JS, Kim S, Ha ES, Kim MS, Hwang SJ. Pharmaceutical Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions for Micro-/Nanoparticle Formation. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2021 Nov 1 [cited 2022 Nov 3];13(11). 61. Jovanović N, Bouchard A, Hofland GW, Witkamp GJ, Crommelin DJA, Jiskoot W. Stabilization of Proteins in Dry Powder Formulations Using Supercritical Fluid Technology. Pharmaceutical Research 2004 21:11 [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2022 Nov 3];21(11):1955–69 62. Tom JW, Debenedetti PG, Jerome R. Precipitation of poly (l-lactic acid) and composite poly(l-lactic acid)-pyrene particles by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions. J Supercrit Fluids. 1994;7(1):9–29. 63. Kim JH, Paxton TE, Tomasko DL. Microencapsulation of Naproxen Using Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions. Biotechnol Prog [Internet]. 1996 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Nov 3];12(5):650–61. 64. Kiran E, Zhuang W. Miscibility and Phase Separation of Polymers in Near- and Supercritical Fluids. ACS Symposium Series [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2022 Nov 3];670:2–36. 65. Al-Otoom A, Al-Asheh S, Allawzi M, Mahshi K, Alzenati N, Banat B, et al. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Uncrushed Jordanian Olives. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science. 2012;02(03):413–21. 66. York P. Strategies for particle design using supercritical fluid technologies. Pharm Sci Technol Today [Internet]. 1999 Nov 1 [cited 2022 Nov 3];2(11):430–40. 67. Yeo S ‐D, Lim G ‐B, Debendetti PG, Bernstein H. Formation of microparticulate protein powder using a supercritical fluid antisolvent. Biotechnol Bioeng [Internet]. 1993 [cited 2022 Nov 3];41(3):341–6. 68. Santo IE, Campardelli R, Albuquerque EC, de Melo SV, della Porta G, Reverchon E. Liposomes preparation using a supercritical fluid assisted continuous process. Chemical Engineering Journal [Internet]. 2014 Aug 1 [cited 2022 Nov 3];Complete(249):153–9. 69. Otake K, Imura T, Sakai H, Abe M. Development of a New Preparation Method of Liposomes Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Langmuir [Internet]. 2001 Jun 26 [cited 2022 Nov 3];17(13):3898–901. 70. Otake K, Shimomura T, Goto T, Imura T, Furuya T, Yoda S, et al. Preparation of liposomes using an improved supercritical reverse phase evaporation method. Langmuir [Internet]. 2006 Mar 14 [cited 2022 Nov 3];22(6):2543–50. 71. Frederiksen L, Anton K, van Hoogevest P, Keller HR, Leuenberger H. Preparation of liposomes encapsulating water-soluble compounds using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Pharm Sci [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2022 Nov 3];86(8):921–8. 72. Meure LA, Knott R, Foster NR, Dehghani F. The depressurization of an expanded solution into aqueous media for the bulk production of liposomes. Langmuir [Internet]. 2009 Jan 6 [cited 2022 Nov 3];25(1):326–37. 73. Malafaya PB, Silva GA, Baran ET, Reis RL. Drug delivery therapies I: general trends and its importance on bone tissue engineering applications. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci [Internet]. 2002 Aug [cited 2022 Nov 4];6(4):283–95. 74. 3Bs Publications | Drug delivery therapies II – Strategies for delivering bone regenerating factors [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 4]. 75. Malafaya PB, Silva GA, Reis RL. Natural-origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev [Internet]. 2007 May 30 [cited 2022 Nov 4];59(4–5):207–33. 76. Gomes ME, Reis RL. Biodegradable polymers and composites in biomedical applications: from catgut to tissue engineering. Part 1 Available systems and their properties. http://dx.doi.org/101179/095066004225021918 [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2022 Nov 4];49(5):261–73. 77. Duarte ARC, Mano JF, Reis RL. {Preparation of chitosan scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for tissue engineering applications using supercritical fluid technology}. Eur Polym J. 2009 Jan;45(1):141–8. 78. Mano JF, Silva GA, Azevedo HS, Malafaya PB, Sousa RA, Silva SS, et al. Natural origin biodegradable systems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: present status and some moving trends. J R Soc Interface [Internet]. 2007 Dec 22 [cited 2022 Nov 4];4(17):999–1030. 79. Santos TC, Marques AP, Silva SS, Oliveira JM, Mano JF, Castro AG, et al. In vitro evaluation of the behaviour of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in direct contact with chitosan-based membranes. J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2007 Oct 31 [cited 2022 Nov 4];132(2):218–26. 80. Prabaharan M, Mano JF. Chitosan-based particles as controlled drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv [Internet]. 2005 Jan [cited 2022 Nov 4];12(1):41–57. 81. Shi J, Alves NM, Mano JF. Chitosan coated alginate beads containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for dual-stimuli-responsive drug release. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater [Internet]. 2008 Feb [cited 2022 Nov 4];84(2):595–603. 82. Prabaharan M, Rodriguez-Perez MA, de Saja JA, Mano JF. Preparation and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid)-chitosan hybrid scaffolds with drug release capability. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater [Internet]. 2007 May [cited 2022 Nov 4];81(2):427–34. 83. Braga MEM, Vaz Pato MT, Silva HSRC, Ferreira EI, Gil MH, Duarte CMM, et al. Supercritical solvent impregnation of ophthalmic drugs on chitosan derivatives. J of Supercritical Fluids [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 Nov 4];44:245–57. 84. Temtem M, Casimiro T, Mano JF, Aguiar-Ricardo A. Green synthesis of a temperature sensitive hydrogel. Green Chemistry [Internet]. 2007 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Nov 4];9(1):75–9. 85. Kikic I, Vecchione F. Supercritical impregnation of polymers. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci [Internet]. 2003 Aug [cited 2022 Nov 4];7(4–5):399–405. 86. Elvira C, Fanovich A, Fernández M, Fraile J, San Román J, Domingo C. Evaluation of drug delivery characteristics of microspheres of PMMA-PCL-cholesterol obtained by supercritical-CO2 impregnation and by dissolution-evaporation techniques. J Control Release [Internet]. 2004 Sep 30 [cited 2022 Nov 4];99(2):231–40. 87. Park H, Kim JS, Kim S, Ha ES, Kim MS, Hwang SJ, et al. Pharmaceutical Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions for Micro-/Nanoparticle Formation. Pharmaceutics 2021, Vol 13, Page 1928 [Internet]. 2021 Nov 14 [cited 2022 Nov 6];13(11):1928. 88. Berens AR, Huvard GS, Korsmeyer RW, Kunig FW. Application of compressed carbon dioxide in the incorporation of additives into polymers. J Appl Polym Sci [Internet]. 1992 Sep 15 [cited 2022 Nov 6];46(2):231–42. 89. York Peter, Kompella UB, Shekunov BY. Supercritical fluid technology for drug product development [Internet]. M. Dekker; 2004 [cited 2022 Nov 6]. 666 p. 90. Edelhauser HF, Rowe-Rendleman CL, Robinson MR, Dawson DG, Chader GJ, Grossniklaus HE, et al. Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases: Basic Research to Clinical Applications. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [Internet]. 2010 Nov [cited 2022 Nov 6];51(11):5403. 91. Calvo P, Alonso MJ, Vila-Jato JL, Robinson JR. Improved Ocular Bioavailability of Indomethacin by Novel Ocular Drug Carriers. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1996;48(11):1147–52. 92. le Bourlais C, Acar L, Zia H, Sado PA, Needham T, Leverge R. Ophthalmic drug delivery systems - Recent advances. Prog Retin Eye Res [Internet]. 1998 Jan [cited 2022 Nov 6];17(1):33–58. 93. WALTMAN SR, KAUFMAN HE. Use of Hydrophilic Contact Lenses to Increase Ocular Penetration of Topical Drugs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1970 Apr 1;9(4):250–5. 94. Jain MR. Drug delivery through soft contact lenses. Br J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 1988 [cited 2022 Nov 6];72(2):150. 95. Lesher GA, Gunderson GG. Continuous drug delivery through the use of disposable contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci [Internet]. 1993 [cited 2022 Nov 6];70(12):1012–8. 96. Hiratani H, Fujiwara A, Tamiya Y, Mizutani Y, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Ocular release of timolol from molecularly imprinted soft contact lenses. Biomaterials [Internet]. 2005 Apr [cited 2022 Nov 6];26(11):1293–8. 97. Gulsen D, Chauhan A. Ophthalmic drug delivery through contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [Internet]. 2004 Jul [cited 2022 Nov 6];45(7):2342–7. 98. Gulsen D, Li CC, Chauhan A. Dispersion of DMPC liposomes in contact lenses for ophthalmic drug delivery. Curr Eye Res [Internet]. 2005 Dec 1 [cited 2022 Nov 6];30(12):1071–80. 99. Yañez F, Martikainen L, Braga MEM, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Concheiro A, Duarte CMM, et al. Supercritical fluid-assisted preparation of imprinted contact lenses for drug delivery. Acta Biomater [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Nov 6];7(3):1019–30.
Article Sidebar
Published
June 30, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
1.
Amlan Bishal*, Kazi Asraf Ali, Biplab Debnath*, Bratati Bandyopadhyay, Md. Mustakim Mallick, Madhurima Kotal
SUPER CRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
. 2023 . 13;94(1): 2144-2166 . Available from: https://mattioli.1885journals.com/article/2023/2144.html
Issue
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.