Allergy and COVID-19
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, allergy, allergic asthma, phenotype, eosinophil, children, adolescents
Abstract
The first cases of as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared the global pandemic in March 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) showed high rates of mortality in the adult population, whereas a mild course was observed in childhood. Allergic diseases, characterized by a type-2 polarization of the immune system, were considered one of the major risk factor of severe COVID-19. Large amounts of clinical data and expert opinions have been collected since the pandemic outbreak. This review summarizes the latest insights on COVID-19 and allergy.
Downloads
References
2. Novelli V, Cutti S, Muzzi A, et al. Timely adaptation of a Pediatric Unit to COVID-19 emergency in Northern Italy: the experience of Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia. Acta Biomed 2020;91:e2020004.
3. Cegolon L, Pichierri J, Mastrangelo G et al. Hypothesis to explain the severe form of COVID-19 in Northern Italy. BMJ Glob Health 2020;5:e002564.
4. Sartor G, Del Riccio M, Dal Poz I et al. COVID-19 in Italy: Considerations on official data. Int J Infect Dis 2020;98:188-190.
5. Talarico V, Pinto L, Marseglia GL et al. Impact of novel coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic in Italian pediatric emergency departments: a national survey. Ital J Pediatr 2021;47:47.
6. Votto M, De Filippo M; Pediatric residents of the University of Pavia, Italy. How pediatric resident's life has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr 2020;46:156.
7. Castagnoli R, Votto M, Licari A et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: A systematic review. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174:882-889.
8. Graff K, Smith C, Silveira L et al. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021;40:e137-e145.
9. Preston LE, Chevinsky JR, Kompaniyets L et al. Characteristics and disease severity of US children and adolescents diagnosed with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e215298.
10. Brambilla I, Tosca MA, De Filippo M et al. Special issues for Coronavirus disease 2019 in children and adolescents. Obesity 2020;28:1369.
11. Babu KS, Arshad SH. The role of allergy in the development of airway inflammation in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2003;4:40-6.
12. Edwards MR, Strong K, Cameron A et al. Viral infections in allergy and immunology: How allergic inflammation influences viral infections and illness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140:909-920.
13. Skoner DP. Viral infection and allergy: lower airway. Allergy Asthma Proc 2002;23:229-32.
14. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395:514-523.
15. Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA et al Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ 2020 22;369:m1985
16. Lazzerini M, Sforzi I, Trapani S et al. Characteristics and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 in children tested in the early phase of the pandemic: a cross-sectional study, Italy, 23 February to 24 May 2020. Euro Surveill 2021;26:2001248.
17. Garazzino S, Lo Vecchio A, Pierantoni L, et al. Epidemiology, clinical features and prognostic factors of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection: results from an italian multicenter study. Front Pediatr 2021;9:649358.
18. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20:689–96
19. Lu X, Zhang L, Du H et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1663–5
20. Fischer A. Resistance of children to Covid-19. How? Mucosal Immunol 2020;13:563-565.
21. Istituto Sueriore di Sanità. Epidemia COVID-19. Available online at: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Bollettino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_16-giugno-2021.pdf. Accessed on 16 June 2021.
22. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12:8.
23. Patel AB, Verma A. Nasal ACE2 levels and COVID-19 in children. JAMA 2020;323:2386-2387.
24. Jackson DJ, Busse WW, Bacharier LB, et al. Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:203-206.e3.
25. Amat F, Delaisi B, Labbé JP, Leonardi J, Houdouin V. Asthma may not be a risk factor for severe COVID-19 in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021;9:2478-2479.
26. Kimura H, Francisco D, Conway M et al. Type 2 inflammation modulates ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:80-88.e8.
27. Graham Roberts et al. EAACI Guidelines on the effective transition of adolescents and young adults with allergy and asthma. Allergy 2020;75:2734-2752.
28. Li X, Xu S, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhou Y. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:110–118.
29. Skevaki C, Karsonova A, Karaulov A, Xie M, Renz H. Asthma-associated risk for COVID-19 development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:1295-1301.
30. Izquierdo JL, Almonacid C, González Y et al. The impact of COVID-19 on patients with asthma. Eur Respir J 2021;57:2003142.
31. De Filippo M, Votto M, Licari A et al. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting endotypes of severe airway disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021:1-14. Online ahead of print.
32. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 2020;584:430-436
33. Eggert LE, He Z, Collins W et al. Asthma phenotypes, associated comorbidities, and long-term symptoms in COVID-19. Allergy 2021. Online ahead of print.
34. Tosca MA, Licari A, Marseglia GL et al. COVID-19 in Italian children and adolescents: The role of allergy and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 2021;42:e101-e102
35. Boechat JL, Wandalsen GF, Kuschnir FC et al. COVID-19 and pediatric asthma: clinical and management challenges. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:1093.
36. Moeller A, Thanikkel L, Duijts L, et al. COVID-19 in children with underlying chronic respiratory diseases: survey results from 174 centres. ERJ Open Res 2020;6:00409-2020.
37. Perlini S, Ciprandi G, Castagnoli R et al. Eosinopenia could be a relevant prognostic biomarker in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Allergy Asthma Proc 2020;41:e80-e82.
38. Licari A, Votto M, Brambilla I et al. Allergy and asthma in children and adolescents during the COVID outbreak: What we know and how we could prevent allergy and asthma flares. Allergy 2020;75:2402-2405.
39. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy 2020;75:1730-1741.
40. Du Y, Tu L, Zhu P et al. Clinical features of 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan. A retrospective observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;201:1372-1379.
41. Lindsley AW, Schwartz JT, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophil responses during COVID-19 infections and coronavirus vaccination. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:1-7.
42. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention 2021. Available at: www.ginasthma.org. Accessed on August 4, 2021.
43. Cardinale F, Ciprandi G, Barberi S et al. Consensus statement of the Italian society of pediatric allergy and immunology for the pragmatic management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr 2020;46:84.
44. Liotti L, Bianchi A, Bottau P, et al. COVID-19 vaccines in children with cow’s milk and food allergies. Nutrients 2021;13:2637.
45. Hanon S, Brusselle G, Deschampheleire M et al COVID-19 and biologics in severe asthma: data from the belgian severe asthma registry. Eur Respir J 2020;56:2002857.
