RAS MUTATIONS IN THYROID LESIONS - BENEFITS AND DIFFICULTIES: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Main Article Content
Keywords
#
Abstract
Early cancer detection has shown to be difficult in the medical field. With so many malignancy cases, a prognostic method that takes into account of the incidence has been absent. Many malignancies remain undetected until they reach a terminal stage, when they significantly increase in fatality. To assess the likelihood of thyroid cancer and the therapy of the disease, in particular, strong comprehension is required. The incidence of thyroid disease is steadily rising globally. On the other hand, mortality relative to incidence is significantly lower. Large-scale preclinical methods are currently being used to clarify the molecular basis of cancer in order to demonstrate that they may effectively combat thyroid carcinogenesis.
Downloads
References
1. Kim J, Gosnell JE and Roman S A. (2020) Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 16(1): 17-29. 2. Cheng F, Xiao J, Shao C, Huang F, et al., (2021). Burden of thyroid cancer from 1990 to 2019 and projections of incidence and mortality until 2039 in China: findings from global burden of disease study. Frontiers in Endocrinology,12, p.738213. 3. Parsa A A and Gharib H, (2018). Epidemiology of Thyroid Nodules. In: Gharib, H. (ed.) Thyroid Nodules. Contemporary Endocrinology. Tortowa, NJ, USA: Humana Press, pp. 1-11. 4. British Thyroid Association, Royal College of Physicians, (2007). Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In: Perros, P. (ed.) Guidelines for the Management of Thyroid Cancer, 2nd ed. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians, pp. 9-10. 5. Cibas E S. and Ali S Z, (2017). The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid, 27, pp. 1341-1346. 6. Bongiovanni M, Spitale A, Faquin W C, et al. (2012). The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: A meta-analysis. Acta Cytol., 56(4), pp.333-339. 7. Lloyd R, Osamura R, Kloppel G, Rosai J (2017) WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon. 8. LiVolsi VA, Baloch ZW (2011) Follicular-patterned tumors of the thyroid: the battle of benign vs malignant vs so-called uncertain. Endocr Pathol 22:184–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-011-9183-6 9. Macerola E, Poma AM, Vignali P, et al (2021) Molecular genetics of follicular-derived thyroid cancer. Cancers 13(5):1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13051139. 10. Kant R, Davis A, Verma V. (2020) Thyroid nodules: Advances in evaluation and management. American Family Physician, 102(5), pp.298-304. 11. Nguyen QT, Lee EJ, Huang MG, et al. 2015. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with thyroid cancer. American Health & Drug Benefits, 8(1), p.30. 12. Prete A, Borges de Souza P, Censi S,et al. (2020). Update on fundamental mechanisms of thyroid cancer. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, p.102. 13. LiVolsi V, Abdulkader Nallib I, Baloch Z W, Bartolazzi A, Chan J K, DeLellis R A, El-Naggar A, Eloy C, Eng C, Fagin J A, Ghossein R A, Neoplasms of Thyroid: Follicular thyroid carcinoma. 14. Neta G, Rajaraman P, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. (2013). A prospective study of medical diagnostic radiography and risk of thyroid cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177(8), pp.800-809. 15. Chen AY, Jemal A, Ward EM. (2009). Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States, 1988–2005. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society, 115(16), pp.3801-3807. 16. Nikiforov YE , Steward DL , Robinson-Smith TM , et al. (2009). Molecular testing for mutations in improving the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94, pp.2092-2098. 17. Cantara S, Capezzone M, Marchisotta S, et al. (2010). Impact of proto-oncogene mutation detection in cytological specimens from thyroid nodules improves the diagnostic accuracy of cytology. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95, pp.1365-1369. 18. Ohori NP, Nikiforova MN, Schoedel KE, et al (2010). Contribution of molecular testing to thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology of "follicular lesion of undetermined significance/atypia of undetermined significance." Cancer Cytopathology, 118, pp.17-23. 19. Nikiforov YE, Ohori NP, Hodak SP, et al. (2011). Impact of mutational testing on the diagnosis and management of patients with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules: a prospective analysis of 1056 FNA samples. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96, pp.3390-3397. 20. Fagin JA. (2002). Minireview: branded from the start-distinct oncogenic initiating events may determine tumor fate in the thyroid. Molecular Endocrinology, 16, pp.903-911. 21. Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, et al. (2003). RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. 22. Nikiforov YE. (2008). Thyroid carcinoma: molecular pathways and therapeutic targets. Modern Pathology, 21(Suppl 2), pp. S37‐S43. 23. Garcia‐Rostan G, Zhao H, Camp RL, et al. (2003). Ras mutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, pp.3226-3235. 24. Volante M, Rapa I, Gandhi M, et al (2009). RAS mutations are the predominant molecular alteration in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas and bear prognostic impact. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94, pp.4735-4741. 25. Lee SR, Jung CK, Kim TE, et al., (2013). Molecular genotyping of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma correlates with diagnostic category of fine-needle aspiration cytology: values of RAS mutation testing. Thyroid, 23, pp.1416-1422 26. Bos JL (1989). Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Research, 49, pp.4682-4689. 27. Vasko V, Ferrand M, Di Cristofaro J, et al (2003). Specific pattern of RAS oncogene mutations in follicular thyroid tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88, pp.2745-2752. 28. Macerola E, Poma AM, Vignali P, et al (2021) Molecular genetics of follicular-derived thyroid cancer. Cancers 13(5):113 29. Baloch ZW, Asa SL, Barletta JA, et al (2022) Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 33(1):27–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-022-09707-3 30. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2014) Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell 159(3):676–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.050 31. Marotta V, Bifulco M, Vitale M (2021) Significance of RAS mutations in thyroid benign nodules and non-medullary thyroid cancer. Cancers 13(15):3785. 32. Garcia‐Rostan G, Zhao H, Camp RL, et al. (2003). Ras mutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, pp.3226-3235. 33. Jang EK, Song DE, Sim SY, et al (2014). NRAS codon 61 mutation is associated with distant metastasis in patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid, 24, pp.1275-1281. 34. Gupta N, Dasyam AK, Carty SE, et al. (2013). RAS mutations in thyroid FNA specimens are highly predictive of predominantly low-risk follicular-pattern cancers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98, pp. E914-E922. 35. Howell GM, Hodak SP, Yip L. (2013). RAS mutations in thyroid cancer. The Oncologist, 18, pp.926-932. 36. An JH, Song KH, Kim SK, et al. (2015). RAS mutations in indeterminate thyroid nodules are predictive of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology, 82, pp.760-766. 37. Fernández‐Medarde A, Santos E. (2011). Ras in cancer and developmental diseases. Genes & Cancer, 2, pp.344-358. 38. Gupta N, Dasyam AK, Carty SE, et al. (2013). RAS mutations in thyroid FNA specimens are highly predictive of predominantly low-risk follicular-pattern cancers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98, pp. E914-E922. 39. Esapa CT, Johnson SJ, Kendall‐Taylor P, et al. (1999). Prevalence of Ras mutations in thyroid neoplasia. Clinical Endocrinology, 50, pp.529-535. 40. Namba H, Rubin SA, Fagin JA. (1990). Point mutations of ras oncogenes are an early event in thyroid tumorigenesis. Molecular Endocrinology, 4, pp.1474-1479. 41. Suarez HG, du Villard JA, Severino M, et al. (1990). Presence of mutations in all three ras genes in human thyroid tumors. Oncogene, 5, pp.565-570. 42. Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, Wyllie FS, et al. (1989). High frequency of ras oncogene activation in all stages of human thyroid tumorigenesis. Oncogene, 4, pp.159-164. 43. Motoi N, Sakamoto A, Yamochi T, Horiuchi H, Motoi T, Machinami R. (2000). Role of ras mutation in the progression of thyroid carcinoma of follicular epithelial origin. Pathology Research and Practice, 196, pp.1-7. 44. Valderrabano P, Khazai L, Leon ME, et al. (2017). Evaluation of ThyroSeq v2 performance in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 24, pp.127-136. 45. Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, et al. (2003). RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88, pp.2318-2326. 46. Goldner WS, Angell TE, McAdoo SL, et al. (2019). Molecular variants and their risks for malignancy in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Thyroid, 29, pp.1594-1605. 47. Patel SG, Carty SE, McCoy KL, et al. (2017). Preoperative detection of RAS mutation may guide extent of thyroidectomy. Surgery, 161, pp.168-175. 48. Gupta N, Dasyam AK, Carty SE, et al. (2013). RAS mutations in thyroid FNA specimens are highly predictive of predominantly low-risk follicular-pattern cancers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98, pp. E914-E922. 49. Nikiforov YE. (2011). Molecular diagnostics of thyroid tumors. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 135, pp.569-577. 50. Paulson VA, Shivdasani P, Angell TE, et al. (2017). Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features accounts for more than half of "carcinomas" harboring RAS mutations. Thyroid, 27, pp.506-511.
Article Sidebar
Published
June 30, 2024
Article Details
Details
1.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Issue