COLON CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT
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Abstract
Colon cancer, a major contributor to cancer-related morbidity and mortality, remains a global health challenge. The most recent scientific discoveries and clinical developments in the field of colon cancer and its treatment are summarised in this thorough review article. The review deals with the examination of the etiological components, highlighting the crucial role that genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and environmental factors play in the development of colon cancer. It explores the complex molecular mechanisms underlying tumor genesis, growth, and metastasis, illuminating key signaling pathways like Wnt/-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and RAS/RAF. The primary focus of the review is the evolving landscape of colon cancer therapy choices. It includes the latest recent developments in radiation, less invasive surgical techniques, and robot-assisted operations, as well as how these affect patient outcomes. Additionally, it offers a thorough overview of the expanding selection of targeted medications and immunotherapies, emphasizing their potential to fundamentally alter how colon cancer is treated. This study further highlights the importance of precision oncology and personalized medicine in developing treatment plans specific to each patient's molecular profile. This review article bridges the gap between fundamental research and clinical applications by providing a thorough understanding of the complex landscape of colon cancer.
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COLON CANCER CASES IN 2020 AND PROJECTIONS TO 2040 AND GRAPH (a) Yue Xi, Pengfei Xu, Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040,TranslationalOncology,Volume14,Issue10,2021,101174,ISSN1936-5233,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101174. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936523321001662)Abstract: As the third most common malignancy and the second most deadly cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) induces estimated 1.9 million incidence cases and 0.9 million deaths worldwide in 2020. The incidence of CRC is higher in highly developed countries, and it is increasing in middle- and low-income countries due to westernization. Moreover, a rising incidence of early-onset CRC is also emerging. The large number of CRC cases poses a growing global public health challenge. Raising awareness of CRC is important to promote healthy lifestyle choices, novel strategies for CRC management, and implementation of global screening programs, which are critical to reducing CRC morbidity and mortality in the future. CRC is a heterogeneous disease, and its subtype affiliation influences prognosis and therapeutic response. An accurate CRC subtype classification system is of great significance for basic research and clinical outcome. Here, we present the global epidemiology of CRC in 2020 and projections for 2040, review the major CRC subtypes to better understand CRC molecular basis, and summarize current risk factors, prevention, and screening strategies for CRC.Keywords: Colorectal cancer; Epidemiology; Projection; Risk factors; Prevention 2. :Number of New Cases In 2020 (TABLE AND FIGURE) (a) Hossain MS, Karuniawati H, Jairoun AA, Urbi Z, Ooi J, John A, Lim YC, Kibria KMK, Mohiuddin AKM, Ming LC, Goh KW, Hadi MA. Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Mar 29;14(7):1732. doi: 10.3390/cancers14071732. PMID: 35406504; PMCID: PMC8996939. 3. Number of Death Cases In 2020 ( TABLE AND FIGURE) (a) Hossain MS, Karuniawati H, Jairoun AA, Urbi Z, Ooi J, John A, Lim YC, Kibria KMK, Mohiuddin AKM, Ming LC, Goh KW, Hadi MA. Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Mar 29;14(7):1732. doi: 10.3390/cancers14071732. PMID: 35406504; PMCID: PMC8996939. 4. Table 4- World CRC Estimated Age Standardized Incidence and Mortality Rates in 2020 (All Ages) (a) Hossain MS, Karuniawati H, Jairoun AA, Urbi Z, Ooi J, John A, Lim YC, Kibria KMK, Mohiuddin AKM, Ming LC, Goh KW, Hadi MA. Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Mar 29;14(7):1732. doi: 10.3390/cancers14071732. PMID: 35406504; PMCID: PMC8996939. 5. Risk Factor, Fig(a), Fig(b) (a) Sawicki, T.; Ruszkowska, M.; Danielewicz, A.; Niedźwiedzka, E.; Arłukowicz, T.; Przybyłowicz, K.E. A Review of Colorectal Cancer in Terms of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Development, Symptoms and Diagnosis. Cancers 2021, 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092025 6. Symptom (a) Selected endoscopic images of adenomas and CRC at different stages. (A)—Tubular adenoma; (B)—tubulo-villous adenoma; (C)—sedentary serrated adenoma (SSA) without dysplasia; (D)—tubular adenocarcinoma, grade 1 and (E)—tubular adenocarcinoma, grade 2. (b) Source: Sawicki, T.; Ruszkowska, M.; Danielewicz, A.; Niedźwiedzka, E.; Arłukowicz, T.; Przybyłowicz, K.E. A Review of Colorectal Cancer in Terms of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Development, Symptoms and Diagnosis. Cancers 2021, 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092025. 7. Diagnosis (a) Xie, YH., Chen, YX. & Fang, JY. Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer. Sig Transduct Target Ther 5, 22 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0116-
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