ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY – CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
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distal radius fractures, percutaneous pinning, Colles’ cast, functional recovery, orthopedic trauma.
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI), named in 1956 by John McCarthy, spans various fields such as visual perception and computer linguistics. Recent advances suggest the AI healthcare market will grow from $1.3 billion to $10 billion by 2024, driven by a 40% annual growth rate. AI includes symbolic AI and machine learning (ML). Symbolic AI uses human-readable algorithms and was prominent until the 1980s. ML, coined by Arthur Samuel in 1952, uses statistical methods to learn from data rather than predefined rules. In dentistry, AI's use has been limited but is growing, with early applications in automated caries detection and ongoing use of cephalometric X-rays for orthodontics. AI's potential in orthodontics includes improving diagnosis, treatment planning, and outcome prediction, which could enhance treatment effectiveness and patient satisfaction. AI types include Purely Reactive, Limited Memory, Theory of Mind, and Self-Aware. Machine learning (ML) models learn from data rather than predefined rules, with deep learning using neural networks for feature extraction. In orthodontics, AI enhances diagnosis and prognosis through techniques like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for medical imaging and data-driven decision-making. Machine learning has significantly advanced in areas like speech recognition and data analysis, transforming industries by optimizing models through training and testing. Deep learning, an advanced technique, builds on artificial neural networks inspired by biological systems. AI in dentistry has made significant strides across various specialties. In operative dentistry, AI enhances cavity detection and caries diagnosis through convolutional neural networks (CNNs), proving more efficient and cost-effective than traditional methods. Oral pathology benefits from AI in detecting cancers and lesions via imaging techniques, improving diagnostic accuracy. In prosthodontics, AI supports personalized crown design and color matching, streamlining workflows. Orthodontics leverages AI for diagnosis and treatment planning but faces challenges with facial aesthetics and functional issues. AI also improves cephalometric analysis, skeletal age determination, and decision support for orthognathic surgery, though further refinement is needed.
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