THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON GENE EXPRESSION AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
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Abstract
Nutrition is one of numerous environmental and epigenetic regulators that exert a substantial influence on well-being, productivity, and health. Vital variables include stress, living environment, temperature, level of physical activity, and dietary intake. Additionally, life experience, age, and gender all influence the outcome. These behaviours are fundamentally dependent on gene expression modifications. Energy status has a profound effect on the development and growth of cells, organs, tissues, and systems via an intricate web of interconnected mechanisms, such as energy consumption, energy expenditure, physical exertion, and thermal surroundings. A few aspects of animal production—including welfare, metabolism, and growth—are significantly influenced by brain development and function. The aforementioned responses are predominantly regulated through epigenetic processes, which concurrently modify the levels of cell signalling molecules including thyroid hormones (TH) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The optimal condition of the mammalian brain is the result of an intricate web of interactions between environmental and genetic factors, including nutrition, as demonstrated by recent research. A number of interactions between genes and the environment similarly affect avian neurology. Brain dysfunction and development have detrimental effects on an individual's growth, eating patterns, metabolism, and overall health, to name a few of the numerous aspects. Improving understanding of the complex interconnections between nutrition, environment, and gene expression should result in improved conditions for avian welfare, productivity, and health.
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