ASSESSMENT OF THE THYROID HORMONE ABNORMALITIES ON MALE SEXUAL FUNCTION IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTER IN MAKKAH CITY, SAUDI ARABIA IN 2022
Main Article Content
Keywords
Impact, thyroid hormone, abnormalities, male, sexual function, Makkah Al-Mukarramah
Abstract
Background: Prevalence of thyroid disorders is a very common medical condition. Symptoms of thyroid disorders depending on the condition of thyroid gland functions. The function of the thyroid can be primarily affected from the gland itself (most common) or secondarily affected from higher centers signal in the brain (hypothalamic pituitary axis). This effect on the gland function will result in one of two types of disorders hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism is the most prevalent type affecting 4-5% in the developed countries. While it’s is more common in areas with iodine deficiency .Thyroid hormones for its relevance to male reproduction in the last few decades. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism both affect testicular functions and influence neuroendocrine regulations over reproductive functions via the crosstalk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The alterations in the male reproductive hormonal milieu by thyroid hormones may lead to reduced testosterone levels and deterioration of semen quality. However, there are very few reports on the direct effects of thyroid disorders upon testicular functions and semen quality. Aim of this study: Assessment of the thyroid hormone abnormalities on male sexual function in Primary Health Care Center in Makkah City. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study among the male patients underwent thyroid hormonal test. Study participants have been recruited from Primary Health Care Center in Makah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; data were collected via an online validated questionnaire. Our total participants were (200). Results: the Thyroid dysfunction the majority of participants answer no sufferings from thyroid dysfunction were (65.0%). Regarding the If the answer to the previous question is (yes), what is the type of disorder majority of participants thyroid laziness were (60.0%), regarding the was there a difference in sexual activity the majority of participants were (55.71%), while not suffering from difference in sexual activity were(44.29%). Conclusion: it's recommended that all male patients who had sexual dysfunction undergo a full investigation of thyroid function, critically and concisely presented an updated concept on general functions of thyroid hormones in the regulation of male reproductive functions. Based on available reports, it also has put forth probable mechanism by which thyroid disorders may affect testicular physiology, resulting in altered semen quality.
Downloads
References
1. Hackney, A. C., & Saeidi, A. (2019). The thyroid axis, prolactin, and exercise in humans. Current opinion in endocrine and metabolic research, 9, 45-50. 2. Gabrielson, A. T., Sartor, R. A., & Hellstrom, W. J. (2019). The impact of thyroid disease on sexual dysfunction in men and women. Sexual medicine reviews, 7(1), 57-70. 3. Murugan, A. K., & Alzahrani, A. S. (2021). SARS-CoV-2: emerging role in the pathogenesis of various thyroid diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research, 14, 6191 4. Liu, Y., Cheng, Y., Zhuo, L., Liu, K., Xiao, C., Zhao, R., ... & Ma, L. (2020). Impact on sexual function of endoscopic enucleation vs transurethral resection of the prostate for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Endourology, 34(10), 1064-1074. 5. Sethi, B., Khandelwal, D., & Vyas, U. (2018). A cross-sectional survey to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices in patients with hypothyroidism in India. Thyroid Research and Practice, 15(1), 15. 6. McCabe, M. P., Sharlip, I. D., Lewis, R., Atalla, E., Balon, R., Fisher, A. D., ... & Segraves, R. T. (2016). Incidence and prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women and men: a consensus statement from the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015. The journal of sexual medicine, 13(2), 144-152. 7. Ritenour, C. W., Seidel, K. D., Leisenring, W., Mertens, A. C., Wasilewski-Masker, K., Shnorhavorian, M., ... & Meacham, L. R. (2016). Erectile dysfunction in male survivors of childhood cancer—a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. The journal of sexual medicine, 13(6), 945-954. 8. García-Ascaso, M. T., Ares-Segura, S., & Ros-Pérez, P. (2018). Is iodine nutrition in the Spanish pediatric population adequate? Historical review and current situation. Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.), 65(8), 458-467. 9. Jakobsson, T., Vedin, L. L., & Parini, P. (2017). Potential role of thyroid receptor β agonists in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Drugs, 77(15), 1613-1621. 10. Geerkens, M. J., Al-Itejawi, H. H., Nieuwenhuijzen, J. A., Meuleman, E. J., Lissenberg-Witte, B. I., van Moorselaar, R. J. A., & Vis, A. N. (2020). Sexual dysfunction and bother due to erectile dysfunction in the healthy elderly male population: prevalence from a systematic review. European urology focus, 6(4), 776-790. 11. Ayenew, E. (2021). Youth’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Associated Factors in Addis Ababa: Community Based Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care, 7(2), 39-46 12. Wang, Y., & Wang, H. (2020). Effects of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism on sexual function: a meta-analysis of studies using the female sexual function index. Sexual Medicine, 8(2), 156-167. 13. Bates, J. N., Kohn, T. P., & Pastuszak, A. W. (2020). Effect of thyroid hormone derangements on sexual function in men and women. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 8(2), 217-230. 14. Alahmar, A., Dutta, S., & Sengupta, P. (2019). Thyroid hormones in male reproduction and infertility. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 8(5), 203. 15. Dick, B., Koller, C., Herzog, B., Greenberg, J., & Hellstrom, W. J. (2020). The role of hormones in male sexual function. Current Sexual Health Reports, 12(3), 101-112 16. Blake, B. E., Pinney, S. M., Hines, E. P., Fenton, S. E., & Ferguson, K. K. (2018). Associations between longitudinal serum perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels and measures of thyroid hormone, kidney function, and body mass index in the Fernald Community Cohort. Environmental pollution, 242, 894-904. 17. Cihan, A., Demir, O., Demir, T., Aslan, G., Comlekci, A., & Esen, A. (2009). The relationship between premature ejaculation and hyperthyroidism. The Journal of urology, 181(3), 1273-1280. 18. Migliaccio, V., Sica, R., Di Gregorio, I., Putti, R., & Lionetti, L. (2019). High-fish oil and high-lard diets differently affect testicular antioxidant defense and mitochondrial fusion/fission balance in male wistar rats: Potential protective effect of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids targeting mitochondria dynamics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(12), 3110. 19. Asadi, N., Bahmani, M., Kheradmand, A., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2017). The impact of oxidative stress on testicular function and the role of antioxidants in improving it: a review. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 11(5), IE01. 20. Krassas, G. E., & Markou, K. B. (2019). The impact of thyroid diseases starting from birth on reproductive function. Hormones, 18(4), 365-381. 21. Carosa, E., Di Sante, S., Rossi, S., Castri, A., D'Adamo, F., Gravina, G. L., ... & Jannini, E. A. (2010). Ontogenetic profile of the expression of thyroid hormone receptors in rat and human corpora cavernosa of the penis. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(4), 1381-1390. 22. Romano, R. M., Gomes, S. N., Cardoso, N. C. S., Schiessl, L., Romano, M. A., & Oliveira, C. A. (2017). New insights for male infertility revealed by alterations in spermatic function and differential testicular expression of thyroid-related genes. Endocrine, 55(2), 607-617. 23. Lotti, F., & Maggi, M. (2018). Sexual dysfunction and male infertility. Nature Reviews Urology, 15(5), 287-307. 24. Tovo-Neto, A., da Silva Rodrigues, M., Habibi, H. R., & Nóbrega, R. H. (2018). Thyroid hormone actions on male reproductive system of teleost fish. General and comparative endocrinology, 265, 230-236. 25. Ajmani, N. S., Sarbhai, V., Yadav, N., Paul, M., Ahmad, A., & Ajmani, A. K. (2016). Role of thyroid dysfunction in patients with menstrual disorders in tertiary care center of walled city of Delhi. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India, 66(2), 115-119. 26. Almousa, A. I. S., & Alotaibi, A. M. D. (2018). Survey of awareness of thyroid disorders among the Riyadh population, Central Region of Saudi Arabia. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 72(2), 4039-4044 27. Lewis, R. W. (2004). Definition, classification, and epidemiology of sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction, 3-37. 28. Nguyen, H. M. T., Gabrielson, A. T., & Hellstrom, W. J. (2017). Erectile dysfunction in young men—a review of the prevalence and risk factors. Sexual medicine reviews, 5(4), 508-520. 29. Krassas, G. E., Tziomalos, K., Papadopoulou, F., Pontikides, N., & Perros, P. (2008). Erectile dysfunction in patients with hyper-and hypothyroidism: how common and should we treat?. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93(5), 1815-1819. 30. Krysiak, R., Szkróbka, W., & Okopień, B. (2017). The effect of l-thyroxine treatment on sexual function and depressive symptoms in men with autoimmune hypothyroidism. Pharmacological Reports, 69(3), 432-437
Article Sidebar
Article Details
How to Cite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.