AN OVERVIEW OF LABORATORY AND RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC OF TUBERCULOSIS
Main Article Content
Keywords
#
Abstract
Diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is difficult, since symptoms are often very unspecific or lacking. However active, prompt and accurate diagnosis is the key element in the public health response to tuberculosis and the cornerstone of tuberculosis control. We conducted narrative review through the litruture, for all studies that were published up to the beginning of 2021. Different diagnostic procedures are required for an accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis. Although chest radiography is a significant tool in identifying tuberculosis, radiography alone cannot establish tuberculosis diagnosis. CT scanning is utilized to identify TB from other diseases in individuals who do not have abnormal chest radiography but are clinically suspected of having active TB. The radiological appearance of patients is mostly determined by their immunological status, and caves and widespread disease foci are frequently found. Microscopic detection of acid-fast mycobacteria from any fluid (particularly sputum) as well as isolation and characterisation of mycobacteria in culture are examples of laboratory diagnostic procedures. The pathogens can then be classified based on the morphology of their colonies, growth patterns, and biochemical properties.
Downloads
References
1. Self-study modules on tuberculosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/ ssmodules/. Updated May 11, 2016. 2. WHO Global TB Report; 2016. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250441/1/9789241565394-eng.pdf?ua=1. 3. Bernardo J. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV uninfected patients. UpToDate website. http://www.uptodate. com/contents/diagnosis-of-pulmonary-tuberculosis-in-hiv uninfected-patients. Updated April 27, 2016. 4. Tubercular Diagnostics. Molecular Line probe Assay for the Detection of Resistance to Second line Anti TB Drugs (SL LPA) – WHO Recommendations on the Use of the SL LPA; 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/Factsheet_SLLPAfinal.pdf. 5. New Laboratory Diagnostic Tools for Tuberculosis Control. WHO; 2008. Available from: http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/global/retooling/Diagnostic_Brochure_Print_2009_Jan_29.pdf. 6. Steingart KR, Ng V, Henry M, et al. Sputum processing methods to improve the sensitivity of smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6:664–74. 7. Cruciani M, Scarparo C, Malena M, et al. Systematic review of BACTEC MGIT 960 and BACTEC 460 TB, with or without solid media, for detection of mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42(5):2321–5. 8. Hillemann D, Richter E, Rusch-Gerdes S. Use of the BACTEC Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube 960 automated system for recovery of mycobacteria from 9,558 extrapulmonary specimens, including urine samples J Clin Microbiol 2006;44(11): 4014–7. 9. Dowdy DW, Lourenco MC, Cavalcante SC, et al. Impact and cost-effectiveness of culture for diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected Brazilian adults. PLoS ONE 2008;3(12):e4057. 10. Kumar P, Srivatsava MV, Singh S, et al. Filtration of cerebrospinal fluid improves isolation of mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2824,e5. 11. . Minion J, Pai M. Bacteriophage assays for rifampicin resistance detection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: updated systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010;14(8): 941–51. 12. Shenai S, Rodrigues C, Mehta AP. Evaluation of a new phage amplification technology for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis. Ind J Med Microbiol 2002;20(4):194–9. 13. Flores LL, Pai M, Colford JM, et al. In-house nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens: systematic review and meta-regression. BMC Microbiol 2005;5:55. 14. Haldar S, Bose M, Chakrabarti P, et al. Improved laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis: the Indian experience. Tuberculosis 2011;91(5):414–26. 15. Kulkarni SP, Jalil MA, Kadival GV. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis in children. J Med Microbiol 2005;54:369,e73. 16. Chakravorty S, Pathak D, Dudeja M, et al. PCR amplification of shorter fragments from the devR (Rv3133c) gene significantly increases the sensitivity of tuberculosis diagnosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006;257:306,e11. 17. Vadwai V, Shetty A, Rodrigues C. Using likelihood ratios to estimate diagnostic accuracy of a novel multiplex nested PCR in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012;16(2):240–7. 18. Gopinath K, Singh S. Multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complexes and other mycobacterial species directly from clinical specimens. J Appl Microbiol 2009;107: 425,e35. 19. Steingart KR, Flores LL, Dendukuri N, et al. Commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an updated systematic review. PLoS Med 2011;8(8):e1001062. 20. World Health Organization. Commercial serodiagnostic tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis: policy statement. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2011. Available at: http://www.WHO/HTM/TB/2011.5. 21. Dowdy DW, Steingart KR, Pai M. Serological testing versus other strategies for diagnosis of active tuberculosis in India: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med 2011;8:e1001074. 22. Sharma M, Sandhu MS, Gorsi U, Gupta D, Khandelwal N. Role of digital tomosynthesis and dual energy subtraction digital radiography in detection of parenchymal lesions in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur J Radiol 2015;84(9): 1820–1827. 23. American Thoracic Society; CDC; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treatment of tuberculosis. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003;52(RR-11):1–77. [Published correction appears in MMWR Recomm Rep 2005;53(51):1203. 24. Im JG, Itoh H, Shim YS, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis: CT findings—early active disease and sequential change with antituberculous therapy. Radiology 1993;186(3):653–660.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.