PREVALENCE AND THE IMPACT OF NOSOCOMIAL INFLECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS IN VENTILATOR IN MAKKAH AL-MUKARRAMH HOSPITAL SAUDI ARABIA 2022
Main Article Content
Keywords
Prevalence, determinants, Nosocomial infection, ventilator, Hospital
Abstract
Background Nosocomial infections or healthcare-acquired infections are a common cause of increased morbidity and mortality among hospitals patients. Patients are at an increased risk for these infections due to their health states. Considering these adverse effects on and the socioeconomic burden, efforts should be made to minimize the transmission of these infections and make the hospitals a safer environment. These infection rates can be significantly reduced by the implementing and improving compliance with the “care bundles.” the common nosocomial infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and surgical site infections (SSI).ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is a pulmonary infection that occurs after at least 48 hours of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The incidence of VAP ranges from 10% to 65% of intubated patients depending on the risk factors. This study aimed: To assess Prevalence and The impact of nosocomial inflections among patients in ventilator in Makah Al-mukarramh hospital Saudi Arabia 2022. Methods: A cross -sectional research design was carried out between Feb 2022 to May 2022 included 300 of patients in ventilator, who were randomly selected from hospitals. A structured questionnaire and observation checklist was used for data collection. using 3part Questionnaire and analyzed via SPSS v24 software. Chi-square test was run to analyses associations between socio-demographic data. Results: The distribution of pathogens is demonstrated, level of education, monthly income, hospital stays, BMI, chronic Medical conditions show that a significant relation between Nosocomial infection and Chronic Medical conditions were P-value=0.000 Conclusion: The study's found that prevalence of nosocomial inflections among patients in ventilator in a Tertiary Care Hospital . Therefore careful disinfection and strict procedures of nosocomial inflections are necessary in places that serve nosocomial inflections patient. Moreover, a vision for the improvement of reports and studies in hospitals to report the rate of the nosocomial inflections, hence, there is a need to raise awareness as well as training on nosocomial inflections among patients in ventilator
Downloads
References
1. Mesbah, M. H. A., Bokhari, E. A., Hakeem, A. R., Almutawa, R. Y., Alhazmi, I. A., Alsiyami, R. A., ... & Fouad, A. (2022). Prevalence and Determinants of nosocomial inflections among patients in ventilator in a Tertiary Care Hospital at Makkah Al-mukarramh 2022. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 9(7), 398-413. 2. Wang, L., Zhou, K. H., Chen, W., Yu, Y., & Feng, S. F. (2019). Epidemiology and risk factors for nosocomial infection in the respiratory intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in China: A prospective surveillance during 2013 and 2015. BMC infectious diseases, 19(1), 1-9. 3. Damani, N. (2020). Establishment of Infection Prevention and Control Service-A Time For Action!. Journal of the Dow University of Health Sciences (JDUHS), 14(1), 1-3. 4. Thatrimontrichai, A., Janjindamai, W., Dissaneevate, S., & Maneenil, G. (2019). Factors and burdens of central lineassociated bloodstream infections in a neonatal intensive care unit, Songkhla, Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 50(4), 742-749. 5. Brinkwirth, S., Ayobami, O., Eckmanns, T., & Markwart, R. (2021). Hospital-acquired infections caused by enterococci: a systematic review and meta-analysis, WHO European Region, 1 January 2010 to 4 February 2020. Eurosurveillance, 26(45), 2001628. 6. Markwart, R., Saito, H., Harder, T., Tomczyk, S., Cassini, A., Fleischmann-Struzek, C., ... & Allegranzi, B. (2020). Epidemiology and burden of sepsis acquired in hospitals and intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive care medicine, 46(8), 1536-1551. 7. Naidoo, N. (2019). Neonatal Sepsis And Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns At A South African Tertiary Nursery–Evolution Over A 15 Year Period (Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences). 8. Bourgeois, D., Inquimbert, C., Ottolenghi, L., & Carrouel, F. (2019). Periodontal pathogens as risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—Is there cause for consideration?. Microorganisms, 7(10), 424. 9. Gaid, E., Assiri, A., McNabb, S., & Banjar, W. (2018). Device-associated nosocomial infection in general hospitals, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013–2016. Journal of epidemiology and global health, 7, S35-S40. 10. Ibrahim, M. E. (2018). High antimicrobial resistant rates among gram-negative pathogens in intensive care units: a retrospective study at a tertiary care hospital in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal, 39(10), 1035. 11. Nadon, C., Van Walle, I., Gerner-Smidt, P., Campos, J., Chinen, I., Concepcion-Acevedo, J., ... & Carleton, H. (2017). PulseNet International: Vision for the implementation of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for global food-borne disease surveillance. Eurosurveillance, 22(23), 30544. 12. Kwong, R. R., Kellogg, R. P., Thiele, M. R., & Simmons, D. M. (2019, April). Improving water efficiency in the wilmington field using streamline-based surveillance. In SPE Western Regional Meeting. OnePetro. 13. Suetens, C., Latour, K., Kärki, T., Ricchizzi, E., Kinross, P., Moro, M. L., ... & Healthcare-Associated Infections Prevalence Study Group. (2018). Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections, estimated incidence and composite antimicrobial resistance index in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities: results from two European point prevalence surveys, 2016 to 2017. Eurosurveillance, 23(46), 1800516. 14. Plachouras, D., Kärki, T., Hansen, S., Hopkins, S., Lyytikäinen, O., Moro, M. L., ... & Point Prevalence Survey Study Group. (2018). Antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals: results from the second point prevalence survey (PPS) of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use, 2016 to 2017. Eurosurveillance, 23(46), 1800393. 15. Jiang, Y., Wang, H., Chen, Y., He, J., Chen, L., Liu, Y., ... & Hua, S. (2020). Clinical data on hospital environmental hygiene monitoring and medical staff protection during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. MedRxiv. 16. Jin, Y. H., Huang, Q., Wang, Y. Y., Zeng, X. T., Luo, L. S., Pan, Z. Y., ... & Wang, X. H. (2020). Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey. Military Medical Research, 7(1), 1-13. 17. Hill, B. (2020). Principles of mechanical ventilation for non-critical care nurses. British Journal of Nursing, 29(8), 470-475. 18. Feng, D. Y., Zhou, Y. Q., Zhou, M., Zou, X. L., Wang, Y. H., & Zhang, T. T. (2019). Risk factors for mortality due to ventilator-associated pneumonia in a Chinese hospital: a retrospective study. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 25, 7660. 19. Gao, B., Li, X., Yang, F., Chen, W., Zhao, Y., Bai, G., & Zhang, Z. (2019). Molecular epidemiology and risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia infection caused by carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 262. 20. Ling, H. W. (2018). Why do Patients Still Catch Hospital Infections Despite the Practice of Infection Prevention and Control Programs?. Acta Scientific Microbiology, 1(4), 34-43. 21. medical staff are associated with patients in different units, they may carry and spread pathogens 22. Sammons, J. S., Graf, E. H., Townsend, S., Hoegg, C. L., Smathers, S. A., Coffin, S. E., ... & Binenbaum, G. (2019). Outbreak of adenovirus in a neonatal intensive care unit: critical importance of equipment cleaning during inpatient ophthalmologic examinations. Ophthalmology, 126(1), 137-143. 23. Rosenthal, V. D., Myatra, S. N., Divatia, J. V., Biswas, S., Shrivastava, A., Al-Ruzzieh, M. A., ... & Yin, R. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on health care–associated infections in intensive care units in low-and middle-income countries: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings. International journal of infectious diseases, 118, 83-88.. 24. Day, A. T., Sher, D. J., Lee, R. C., Truelson, J. M., Myers, L. L., Sumer, B. D., ... & Gordin, E. A. (2020). Head and neck oncology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Reconsidering traditional treatment paradigms in light of new surgical and other multilevel risks. Oral oncology, 105, 104684. 25. Morris, S., & Cerceo, E. (2020). Trends, epidemiology, and management of multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial infections in the hospitalized setting. Antibiotics, 9(4), 196. 26. Chiu, H. C., Lin, Y. C., Hsieh, H. M., Chen, H. P., Wang, H. L., & Wang, J. Y. (2017). The impact of complications on prolonged length of hospital stay after resection in colorectal cancer: A retrospective study of Taiwanese patients. Journal of International Medical Research, 45(2), 691-705. 27. Tariq, A., Ali, H., Zafar, F., Sial, A., Hameed, K., & Naveed, S. (2017). A systemic review on surgical site infections: classification, risk factors, treatment complexities, economical and clinical scenarios. J Bioequiv Availab, 9(1), 336-40. 28. Borchardt, R. A., & Tzizik, D. (2018). Update on surgical site infections: the new CDC guidelines. Journal of the American Academy of Pas, 31(4), 52-54. 29. Divatia, J. V., Pulinilkunnathil, J. G., & Myatra, S. N. (2020). Nosocomial infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia in cancer patients. Oncologic Critical Care, 1419-1439. 30. Wenzel, R. P., Thompson, R. L., Landry, S. M., Russell, B. S., Miller, P. J., de Leon, S. P., & Miller, G. B. (1983). Hospital-acquired infections in intensive care unit patients an overview with emphasis on epidemics. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 4(5), 371-375. 31. Zhang, Y., Du, M., Johnston, J. M., Andres, E. B., Suo, J., Yao, H., ... & Fu, Q. (2019). Incidence of healthcare-associated infections in a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China: results from a real-time surveillance system. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(1), 1-9. 32. Russo, P. L., Stewardson, A. J., Cheng, A. C., Bucknall, T., & Mitchell, B. G. (2019). The prevalence of healthcare associated infections among adult inpatients at nineteen large Australian acute-care public hospitals: a point prevalence survey. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(1), 1-8. 33. Pinato, D. J., Zambelli, A., Aguilar-Company, J., Bower, M., Sng, C. C., Salazar, R., ... & Swallow, J. (2020). Clinical portrait of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in European patients with cancer. Cancer discovery, 10(10), 1465-1474. 34. World Health Organization. (2020). [ Guidelines on Core Components of Infection Prevention and Control Programmes at the National and Acute Health Care Facility Level]. 35. World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes at the national and acute health care facility level. Geneva: WHO; 2016. 36. Rangelova, V., Raycheva, R., Kevorkyan, A., Krasteva, M., & Dermendzhiev, T. (2020). Surveillance of nosocomial infections in a Bulgarian neonatal intensive care unit. Folia Medica, 62(4), 753-761. 37. Gaid, E., Assiri, A., McNabb, S., & Banjar, W. (2018). Device-associated nosocomial infection in general hospitals, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013–2016. Journal of epidemiology and global health, 7, S35-S40. 38. Ibn Saied, W., Souweine, B., Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Ruckly, S., Darmon, M., Bailly, S., ... & OUTCOMEREA study group. (2017). Respective impact of implementation of prevention strategies, colonization with multiresistant bacteria and antimicrobial use on the risk of early-and late-onset VAP: an analysis of the OUTCOMEREA network. PLoS One, 12(11), e0187791.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
How to Cite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.